The decline of manufacturing sector in U.S.A. has been compensated by Essay

The decay of assembling segment in U.S.A. has been repaid by a developing help division - Essay Example US has for over three decades saw development in its administration area and an opposite pattern in assembling. This has been the pattern for some high pay nations as they have been moving dependence from assembling to support. This is a post-industrialization pattern where people’s pay keeps on ascending with less enthusiasm for interest in material handling The present pattern has been greater speculation or move to human services, instruction, protection and others. It is critical to make reference to that employees’ profitability develops gradually in the administration division than in the assembling the explanation being low automation in administration forms. Administrations consequently become increasingly costly which brings about them contributing a higher segment of US GDP (Gallaher 49). This pattern has additionally come about to having higher work in administration segment than in the automated assembling division. The administration area is presently drivi ng while at the same time fabricating is declining with previous making up for the decrease. The administration part underwrites underway of elusive items in wellbeing, data and correspondence, training and others (Triplett and Bosworth 64). Globalization has been one of the key components towards the move from assembling to support. Assembling firms have been moving to different nations for the most part in the creating economies which either have more individuals in the low-salary or center level of pay. Nations like China and India have throughout the previous two decades been empowering outside ventures through different motivators like expense occasions and low wages for laborers. American government thus is attempting to create approaches that will see a large portion of its residents over the lowest pay permitted by law section; a move that is driving businesses to outside nations. The administration area is work serious and it requires profoundly gifted faculty subsequently raising the need to have quality and manageable instruction. Likewise because of globalization numerous gifted workers have gone to the United States to look for employments in the administration division coming about to high cerebrum channel particularly in the creating countries (Gallaher 130). Worldwide patterns additionally direct firms to take part in more naturally neighborly exercises and the administration segment has come to take care of this issue. The administration segment participates in more human capital than normal. This has made United States to have warmed discussions seeing nature of instruction in order to have progressively talented human capital (Gallaher 89). The general absence of undue mediation in the regular assets lessens ecological debasement which is increasingly inclined with assembling firms. Natural cognizance has in this manner made speculators move their ventures to all the more ecologically agreeable organizations. Measurements show that in the tu rn of the twentieth century America’s producing and agrarian divisions had taken in excess of 75 percent of the GDP while in the turn of the 21st century the administration area had in excess of 60 percent commitment (Triplett and Bosworth 106). This is an enormous new development thinking about that it is a hole of only a century. It is inside this century that America’s economy developed massively into the present post-industrialization time. The above insights demonstrate that to a huge degree the administration part is definitely filling the hole left with the decrease in the assembling segment. The world economy has over the most recent four decades experienced disturbance of blasts and decay which have influenced the two areas in an unexpected way. The assembling segment over this period has been intensely influenced and contracted therefore (AIER 2006). The ongoing financial emergency of 2008 vigorously influenced enterprises like engine vehicle makers prompting conclusion of numerous plants, takeovers, bailout programs and numerous other negative events. In the recuperation pattern the administration area has been believed to recoup rapidly than the assembling

Short Case Essay Example for Free

Short Case Essay At your organization, a bottler of regular spring water, the publicizing office has as of late propelled a crusade that underscores the immaculateness of your item. The business is exceptionally serious, and your association has been severely harmed by a protracted strike of unionized representatives. The strike truly upset creation and conveyance, and it made your organization lose huge incomes and piece of the overall industry. Since the strike is finished, your organization should battle to recover lost clients and should pay for the expanded wages and advantages called for in the new association contract. The company’s money related circumstance is problematic no doubt. You and the whole senior supervisory group have high trusts in the new promotion crusade, and beginning shopper reaction has been certain. You are stunned, at that point, when your head of tasks reports to you that an irate specialist has attacked one of your packaging plants. The specialist brought a compound into one of the machines, which thusly polluted 120,000 containers of the spring water. Luckily, the synthetic is available in very moment amountsâ€no shopper might endure hurt except if the individual in question drank more than 10 gallons of the water every day over a significant stretch of time. Since the machine has just been sanitized, any danger of long haul introduction has been basically wiped out. Yet, obviously, the cases made by your new promotion crusade couldn't be all the more bogus. Rundown the entirety of the partners engaged with this circumstance. Do any partner bunches have more to pick up or lose than others? Build up a technique for managing the pollution. What amount does a company’s budgetary circumstance decide how moral problems are dealt with? In this circumstance the rundown of partners would be everybody in the organization. On the off chance that the organization can't bring in cash, at that point the organization is in question and this partners are everybody that is utilized, this incorporates myself as the proprietor of the organization to the work representatives that have a recently arranged work contract. I don't accept that anybody bunch has pretty much to free; instinctually, I would think the lower wage laborers would have more to free, yet is really false, on the grounds that its all family member. The procedure I would use to manage this circumstance is to remain fair a consistent with the item the organization sells and to the workers. To start with, I would compose a point by point letter to everybody clarifying the circumstance. I would clarify the situation of the organization before this episode and the potential ramifications of this circumstance. The company’s budgetary circumstance has a ton to manage how this circumstance. Which is the reason I feel it is critical to be straightforward. My arrangement is discard the tainted flexibly alongside any hardware that would debase future items. I would work the administrator or chief of disease control to ensure the defiled item is properly discarded and to concoct an arrangement that would guarantee this doesn't occur once more. One everything is said and done, I would hand-off all applicable data to all the representatives of the association. Further, I would l transfer a recently made strategy of what how workers will how act as such will be managed.

Perspective On Capital In India Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Just like in any other country, Indias foreign exchange transactions (transactions in dollars, pounds, or any other currency) are also broadly classified into two accounts, namely, the current account transactions and capital account transactions. A current account transaction could be exemplified where an Indian citizen needing foreign exchange of smaller amounts, say $3,000, for travelling abroad or for educational purposes, can obtain the same from a bank or a money-changer. On the other hand, a capital account transaction involves someone who wants to import plant and machinery or invest abroad, and needs a large amount of foreign exchange, say $1 million. But, the importer will have to first obtain the permission of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) only then that the transaction becomes a capital account transaction. This means that any domestic or foreign investor has to seek the permission from a regulatory authority, like the RBI, before carrying out any financial transactions or change of ownership of assets that comes under the capital account. Nowadays, there are a whole range of financial transactions on the capital account that may be freed form such restrictions. But this is still not the same as full capital account convertibility. Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility appointed in February, 1997 defines Capital Account Convertibility as the freedom to convert local financial assets into foreign financial assets and vice versa at market determined rates of exchange. It is associated with the changes of ownership in foreign/domestic financial assets and liabilities and embodies the creation and liquidation of claims on, or by the rest of the world. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. In other terms we can say Capital Account Convertibility (CAC)  means that the home currency can be freely converted into foreign currencies for acquisition of capital assets abroad and vice versa. In a more term, it means that irrespective of whether one is a resident or non-resident of India ones assets and liabilities can be freely (i.e. without permission of any regulatory authority) denominated (or cashed) in any currency and easily interchanged between that currency and the Rupee. Background of CAC in India By August 1994, India was forced to adopt full current account convertibility under the obligations of IMFs article of agreement (Article No. VII). The committee on Capital Account Convertibility, under Dr S. S. Tarapores chairmanship, submitted its report in May 1997 and observed that international experience showed that a more open capital account could impose tremendous pressures on the financial system. Hence, the committee recommended certain signposts or preconditions for Capital Account Convertibility in India. However, the agenda of Capital Account Convertibility was put on hold following the South-East Asian crisis. Even the finance minister acknowledged this point that the idea of Capital Account Convertibility was floated in 1997 by the Tarapore Committee, but could not be implemented as the Asian Crisis cropped up. (The Hindu, March 25, 2006). In the early nineties, Indias foreign exchange reserves were so low that even a few weeks of imports were hard to pay.  To overcome this crisis situation,  Indian Government had to pledge a part of its gold reserves to the Bank of England to obtain foreign exchange.  However, after reforms were initiated and there was some improvements on FOREX front in 1994,  transactions on the current account were made fully convertible and foreign exchange was made freely available for such transactions. But, still yet the capital account transactions were not fully convertible. The rationale behind this was that  India wanted to conserve precious foreign exchange and protect the rupee from volatile fluctuations. Nevertheless, by late nineties situation further improved when a committee on capital account convertibility was setup in February, 1997 by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S. Tarapore to lay the road map to capital account convertibility.  The committee recommended that full capital account convertibility be brought in only after certain preconditions were satisfied. These included low inflation, financial sector reforms, a flexible exchange rate policy and a stringent fiscal policy.   However, the report was not accepted due to Asian Crisis. A three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999-2000 was recommended by the committee. A report highlighted the preconditions to be achieved for the full float of money and these are as follows:- Pre-Conditions Set By Tarapore Committee: Gross fiscal deficit to GDP ratio to come down from a budgeted 4.5 % in 1997-98 to 3.5% in 1999-2000. A consolidated sinking fund to be set up to meet governments debt repayment needs; to be financed by increased in RBIs profit transfer to the government and disinvestment proceeds. Inflation rate to remain between an average 3-5 % for the 3-year period 1997- 2000. Gross NPAs of the public sector banking system to be brought down from the present 13.7% to 5% by 2000. At the same time, average effective CRR needs to be brought down from the current 9.3% to 3%. RBI to have a Monitoring Exchange Rate Band of  ± 5% around a neutral Real Effective Exchange Rate and the RBI to be transparent about the changes in REER. External sector policies to be designed to increase current receipts to GDP ratio and bring down the debt servicing ratio from 25% to 20%. Four indicators to be used for evaluating adequacy of foreign exchange reserves to safeguard against any c ontingency. Plus, a minimum net foreign asset to currency ratio of 40 % to be prescribed by law in the RBI Act. Phased liberalisation of capital controls. The last precondition for a phased liberalisation of controls on capital outflows over the three year period was a priori: To allow Indian Joint Ventures/Wholly Owned Subsidiaries to invest in ventures abroad and to remove the requirement of repatriation of the amount of investment by way of dividends and so on. Furthermore, the JVs/WOs were allowed to be set up by any party and not be restricted to only exporters/exchange earners. To allow individual residents to invest in assets in financial market abroad up to $ 25,000 in Phase I with progressive increase to US $ 50,000 in Phase II and US$ 100,000 in Phase III. Similar limits were allowed for non-residents out of their non-repatriable assets in India. To allow banks much more liberal limits in regard to borrowings from abroad and deployment of funds outside India . To govern foreign direct and portfolio investment and disinvestment through comprehensive and transparent guidelines. To permit all participants on the spot market to operate in the forward markets in order to develop and enable the integration of FOREX, money and securities market. To allow banks and financial institutions to participate in gold markets in India and abroad and deal in gold products to strengthen the case for liberalising the overall policy regime on gold. The assumption of the committee was that these pre-conditions would take care of possible problems created by unseen flight of capital. Given a sound fiscal and financial set-up, the flight of capital was unlikely to be large, particularly in the short run, as capital would be invested and not all of it would be in a liquid form. The process of opening up the Indian economy has proceeded in balanced steps. The exchange rate regime was allowed to be determined by market forces as against the fix ed exchange rate linked to a basket of currencies. This was followed by the convertibility of the Indian rupee for current account transactions with India accepting the obligations under Article VIII of the IMF in August 1994. Capital account convertibility has proceeded at a steady pace.  RBI views capital account convertibility as a process rather than as an event. The distinct improvement in the external sector has enabled a progressive liberalisation of the exchange and payments regime in India. Reflecting the changed approach to foreign exchange restrictions, the restrictive Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973 has been replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Critical Factors in Adopting Capital Account Convertibility (CAC) There are number of issues which are of concern for adopting CAC in India. Some of which are as follows:   Ãƒâ€š Short-Term External Borrowings The impact of allowing unlimited access to short-term external commercial borrowing for meeting working capital and other domestic requirements. In respect of short-term external commercial borrowings, there is already a strong international consensus that emerging markets should keep such borrowings relatively small in relation to their total external debt or reserves. Many of the financial crises in the 1990s occurred because the short-term debt was excessive. When times were good, such debt was easily accessible. The position, however, changed dramatically in times of external pressure. All creditors who could redeem the debt did so within a very short period, causing extreme domestic financial vulnerability. The occurrence of such a possibility has to be avoided, and the Indian Reserve would do well to continue with its policy of keeping access to short-term debt limited as a conscious policy at all times whether good or bad. Free Convert ibility of Domestic Assets The Indian Monetary System provided unrestricted freedom to domestic residents to convert their domestic bank deposits and idle assets (such as, real estate), in response to market developments or exchange rate expectations. The daily movement in exchange rates is determined by flows of funds, that is, by demand and supply of spot or forward transactions in the market. If supposedly, the exchange rate is depreciating disproportionately and is expected to continue to do so in the near future, the domestic residents would be likely to convert a part or whole of their stock of domestic assets from domestic currency to foreign currency. This was thought to be financially desirable as the domestic value of their converted assets was expected to increase because of anticipated depreciation. It is furthermore thought that if a large number of residents so decide simultaneously within a short period of time, as they may, this expectation would become self-fulfi lling. A severe external crisis is then unavoidable. External Events External events such as the Kargil war or Pokhran Test Although at present our reserves are high and exchange rate movements are, by and large, orderly. However, there can be events like Kargil war or Pokhran Test, which creates external uncertainty. Domestic stock of bank deposits in rupees in India is presently close to US $ 290 billion, nearly three and a half times our total reserves. At the time of Kargil or Pokhran or the oil crises, the multiple of domestic deposits over reserves was in fact several times higher than now. One can imagine what would have had happened to our external situation, if within a very short period, domestic residents decided to rush to their neighbourhood banks and convert a significant part of these deposits into sterling, euro or dollar. No emerging market exchange rate system can cope with this kind of contingency. This may be an unlikely possibility today, but it must be factored in while deciding on a long term policy of free convertibility of stock of domestic assets. Incidentally, this kind of eventuality is less likely to occur in respect of industrial countries with international currencies such as Euro or Dollar, which are held by banks, corporates, and other entities as part of their long-term global asset portfolio (as distinguished from emerging market currencies in which banks and other intermediaries normally take a daily long or short position for purposes of currency trade). Impact of Capital Account Convertibility The first impact of CAC adopted by India is the acceptance of Indian Rupee currency all over the world. In case of  two convertible currencies, Forward Exchange Rates reflect interest rate differentials between these two  currencies. Thus, we can say that the Forward Exchange Rate for the higher interest rate currency would depreciate so as to neutralize the interest rate difference.   However, sometimes  there can be opportunities when forward rates do not fully neutralize interest rate differentials.   In such situations, arbitrageurs get into the act and forward exchange rates quickly adjust to eliminate the possibility of risk-less profits. Capital account convertibility is likely to bring depth  and large volumes in  long-term Indian Rupee (INR) currency swap markets.   Thus, for a better market determination of INR exchange rates, the INR should be convertible. If capital account is made fully convertible it will imply the following: Market forces will regulate all current and capital account transactions and there will be no restriction on the inflow or the outflow of capital either by non-resident Indians or by foreigners. There will be no restriction on foreign exchange transactions and the RBI and the government will not intervene even where the cost or the quantity of the transaction is concerned. Purely market forces will determine the exchange rate of rupee in relation to any foreign currency. RBI can intervene in relation to foreign currency only by buying and selling of the rupee in the market. Indian companies will be free to go aboard and raise money. They will also be free to invest in GDRs and maintain offshore funds. Similarly foreign companies will be free to invest in India without any intervention of the RBI or the government Indians will be free to maintain foreign bank accounts and deposit withdraw and maintain foreign currency in any bank without any restriction. There will be no restriction on the repatriation of capital by foreigners. Dangers from Capital Account Convertibility in India At present very few countries permit absolute free market in foreign exchange. Among developing countries only a handful at present has, what may be called, full convertibility in both current and capital accounts. Even many industrial countries still do not allow free flows of capital account transactions. Some of the Latin American countries notably Uruguay, Argentina and Chile which had prematurely liberalised capital account in the early eighties have subsequently imposed a very tight control on capital mobility in the subsequent periods. It has been estimated that eventual capital flights out of these countries have been much more that initial capital inflows after capital account liberalisation. Some countries have however, notably, The U.K. and New Zealand, implemented capital account convertibility successfully. An examination of case study of successful and unsuccessful capital account liberalisation suggest that capital account liberalisation be best introduced as o ne of the last steps of economic reforms. Whenever it was introduced prematurely it had been disastrous. In general it has been observed that capital account liberalisation and full convertibility of exchange rate succeeds when it follows (and definitely not precedes) Fiscal reform, price stability, domestic financial reform, balance of payments stability and acceleration in growth of domestic output, particularly industrial output. In India very few of these objectives are fulfilled by now. Fiscal deficit of the Centre after falling from 8.3% of GDP in 1990-91 to 6.0% of GDP in 1991-92, has remained around that level since then. What is worst is that while real public investment has fallen sharply, unwarranted subsidies and bureaucratic expenditure have remained virtually at their pre-reform levels. In fact in some states, subsides, instead of falling have actually increased after the reform. Inflation continued at 10% per annum for many years after the reform in spite of man y favourable conditions, including good monsoon and low oil price. It has now come down to around 6% after a very tight squeeze on money and credit since 1995-96. But the credit squeeze increased both nominal and real interest rates, and currently the interest rates in India are well above the international levels. The credit squeeze also hampered the growth of industry and overall growth. Balance of payments situation is far from satisfactory. The improvement in foreign exchange reserve is more due to special factors like NRI remittances and deposits and portfolio capital inflow. There is no notable improvement in either trade balance or balance of payments. There is a dangerous illusion about capital account liberalisation. It is generally assumed that it can encourage only inflow of capital, ignoring the possibility that once deregulation is introduced it may also lead to outflow of capital. Experiences suggest that initially inflow is more than outflow because foreigners t ake advantage of initial low prices of shares and properties. Besides domestic residents may also bring back illegal capital held abroad. But if the real sector of the economy does not improve, especially lags behind more dynamic economy elsewhere in the world, then capital later goes out. The outflow can be more than inflow because not only foreigners can take back capital but even domestic residents can take advantage of the deregulated environment and invest abroad. It would therefore be prudent to wait for the real improvement of the economy, particular in current account balance, industrial growth rate, fiscal deficit and financial reform, before entering into an adventurous path of capital account liberalisation and full convertibility of rupee. Thus India will have to gradually move towards capital account convertibility, step by step, one reform after the other and then finally introduce full convertibility of rupee as the last step of economic reforms when all of the above listed objectives are fulfilled and as Dr. Y.V.Reddy, Deputy Governor RBI, put it as, In India, it is recognised that the pace of liberalisation of the capital account would depend on both domestic factors, especially progress in the financial sector reform and the evolving international financial architecture. Pros (for) of Capital Account Convertibility for India It allows domestic residents to invest abroad and have a globally diversified investment portfolio; this reduces risk and stabilizes the economy. A globally diversified equity portfolio has roughly half the risk of an Indian equity portfolio. So, even when conditions are bad in India, globally diversified households will be buoyed by offshore assets; will be able to spend more, thus propping up the Indian economy. Our NRI Diaspora will benefit tremendously if and when Capital Account Convertibility becomes a reality. The reason is on account of current restrictions imposed on movement of their funds. As the remittances made by NRIs are subject to numerous restrictions which will be eased considerably once Capital Account Convertibility is incorporated. It also opens the gate for international savings to be invested in India. It is good for India if foreigners invest in Indian assets this makes more capital available for Indias development. That is, it reduces the cost of cap ital. When steel imports are made easier, steel becomes cheaper in India. Similarly, when inflows of capital into India are made easier, capital becomes cheaper in India. Controls on the capital account are rather easy to evade through unscrupulous means. Huge amounts of capital are moving across the border anyway. It is better for India if these transactions happen in white money. Convertibility would reduce the size of the black economy, and improve law and order, tax compliance and corporate governance. Most importantly convertibility induces competition against Indian finance. Currently, finance is a monopoly in mobilizing the savings of Indian households for the investment plans of Indian firms. No matter how inefficient Indian finance is, households and firms do not have an alternative, thanks to capital controls. Exactly as we saw with trade liberalization, which consequently led to lower prices and superior quality of goods produced in India, capital account liberaliza tion will improve the quality and drop the price of financial intermediation in India. This will have repercussions for GDP growth, since finance is the brain of the economy. Cons (against) of Capital Account Convertibility for India During the good years of the economy, it might experience huge inflows of foreign capital, but during the bad times there will be an enormous outflow of capital under herd behavior (refers to a phenomenon where investors acts as herds, i.e. if one moves out, others follow immediately). For example, the South East Asian countries received US$ 94 billion in 1996 and another US$ 70 billion in the first half of 1997. However, under the threat of the crisis, US$ 102 billion flowed out from the region in the second half of 1997, thereby accentuating the crisis. This has serious impact on the economy as a whole, and can even lead to an economic crisis as in South-East Asia. There arises the possibility of misallocation of capital inflows. Such capital inflows may fund low-quality domestic investments, like investments in the stock markets or real estates, and desist from investing in building up industries and factories, which leads to more capacity creation and utilisation, and increa sed level of employment. This also reduces the potential of the country to increase exports and thus creates external imbalances. An open capital account can lead to the export of domestic savings (the rich can convert their savings into dollars or pounds in foreign banks or even assets in foreign countries), which for capital scarce developing countries would curb domestic investment. Moreover, under the threat of a crisis, the domestic savings too might leave the country along with the foreign investments, thereby rendering the government helpless to counter the threat. Entry of foreign banks can create an unequal playing field, whereby foreign banks cherry-pick the most creditworthy borrowers and depositors. This aggravates the problem of the farmers and the small-scale industrialists, who are not considered to be credit-worthy by these banks. In order to remain competitive, the domestic banks too refuse to lend to these sectors, or demand to raise interest rates to more co mpetitive levels from the subsidised rates usually followed. International finance capital today is highly volatile, i.e. it shifts from country to country in search of higher speculative returns. In this process, it has led to economic crisis in numerous developing countries. Such finance capital is referred to as hot money in todays context. Full capital account convertibility exposes an economy to extreme volatility on account of hot money flows. It does seem that the Indian economy has the competence of bearing the strains of free capital mobility given its fantastic growth rate and investor confidence. Most of the pre-conditions stated by the Tarapore Committee have been well complied to through robust year on year performance in the last five years especially. The forex reserves provide enough buffer to bear the immediate flight of capital which although seems unlikely given the macroeconomic variables of the economy alongside the confidence that international investors have leveraged on India. However it must not be forgotten that Capital Account Convertibility is a big step and integrates the economy with the global economy completely thereby subjecting it to international fluctuations and business cycles. Thus due caution must be incorporated while taking this decision in order to avoid any situation that was faced by Argentina in the early 80s or by the Asian economies in 1997-98.

Erik Erikson s Identity Development Essay - 1297 Words

Todd Anderson from DPS develops his identity in a very similar way as Erik Erikson’s identity development theory. Erik Erikson mentioned that identity formation is the most important developmental task during adolescence (Chen Wu, 2005). He identified eight psychosocial stages. His identity vs. role confusion stage of development for 12 to 20 years old indicates: Adolescent must move toward adulthood by making choices about values, vocational goals, etc. (Broderick Blewitt, 2015). There are four identity status: diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure and achievement which are Erikson’s conceptualization of identity development as a task involving exploration of carious possible positions in the world (Broderick Blewitt, 2015)In the film, Todd Anderson goes through all three of the four states which are diffusion, moratorium, and achievement as he develops his identity. 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The Henrician Reformation Essay - 970 Words

The Henrician Reformation The Henrician Reformation had much more political purpose than religious principles and to understand this much of the motives and changes of the reformation need to be considered. Reformation itself suggests that the events were all clearly linked together as a part of religious reform however, according to C. Davies most of those involved in bringing about the reformation, included the King himself, had little understanding of the implications of what they were doing. Both Cromwell and Cramner also had a great influence on the changes within Englandbetween 1534 and 1546 and they themselves†¦show more content†¦One of his first decisions was to dissolve the monasteries in England which seemed to some such as Cromwell and Cranmer like a real measure of triumph of Protestantism. To many Protestants the monasteries were a clear reminder of the survival of Catholic ideas. Although this is true much of the motives behind The Dissolution of the Monasteries were not just a matter of religion. Henry knew that there was a threat from foreign power and was aware of the good financial income from closing the monasteries. For example, in 1534 the Act for First Fruits and Tenths took away the revenue of the Church which in the first year rose over  £40,000. Henry recognized that he needed a strong army against both threatening France and Spain due to his break with Rome, Henry saw that the financial gain from the closure of the monasteries would allow him to build a strong military. Clearly from this example we can see that Henrys motives are purely political. Between 1534 and 1546 many acts were passed and some argue this was a move towards Protestantism. Even though Henry was a devote Catholic, which we can see in his writing The Kings Book he let Cromwell have much influence on his decisions. 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By the mid-14th century, the state had to intervene in social problems. A series of statutes for dealing with the poor and unemployed were passed by Parliament: - 1349 Statute of Laborers - 1531 statute calling for severe punishment of able-bodied beggars - 1536 Henrician Poor Law

Lab Report on Shark free essay sample

As for the visual documentation of a living or dead specimen, digital photography has largely replaced traditional illustrations of the living specimen as the standard method of recording the colour and anatomy of the specimen in the field today. Earlier traditional illustration (coloured and black and white) are still considered scientifically important because they can stress fine anatomical features that are often obscured by liquid. Even today, these earlier traditional illustrations are referred in research and, in fact, are sometimes the only physical records of what a now-extinct (or near-extinct) fish look like in life. New technologies can only add to information we know about previously described species. Different kinds of animals have different body coverings. Marine vertebrates include 5 major groups based on observable features including body covering, among other characteristics: * Fish have skin covered with wet scales * Amphibians have bare skin that is usually moist or wet * Reptiles have skin covered with dry scales * Birds have skin covered with feathers * Mammals have skin covered with hair (fur) OBJECTIVES 1. Learn to use digital photography for visual documentation of specimen. 2. Locate and discuss the external and internal anatomy of the cartilaginous fish. 3. Draw and identify the external and internal features. 4. Describe the function for each feature. METHODOLOGY 1. The briefing on the experiment is given by the demonstrator. 2. The full images of the specimens and other important features are taken for identification purposes by using white slate board as the background. 3. Ruler is used as a scale. 4. A shark is dissected by the demonstrator. The external and internal features are identified. A summary on the digestive and the reproductive system of a shark is written. . The steps how to observe the internal anatomy of a stingray is told briefly by the demonstrator. 6. The steps that have been told are followed when observing the internal organ of the stingray. 7. The organs are observed and identified, and their physiological roles are discussed. 8. All the dissection materials are washed, the dissection pan is cleaned and dried and the lab is cleared from any fluid once complete. 9. The students’ hands are washed thoroughly. 10. A report which using only the materials from the practical is written. RESULTS Snouts Shark Caudal fin Posterior dorsal fin Scales Anterior dorsal fin Lateral Line Eye Spiracle External naris/ nostril Pelvic fin Cloacae Pectoral fin Mouth External gill slits Dissection of Bamboo shark Claspers Urogenital papilla Pancreas Spleen Duodenum Liver Stomach Duodenum Intestine Spleen Stomach Kidneys Kidneys Egg case Egg yolk Rectal gland Spiral valve Placoid scale of a shark EXTERNAL ORGANS ORGANS| FUNCTIONS| Mouth| The mouth used to take food and teeth in the mouth are used to hold and tear food rather than to chew it. Gills| The place where the gas exchange occurs which are the oxygenated water must always be flowing over the gill filaments for respiration to occur. | Nostril| Allow sharks to smell and detect chemical in water. | Eyes| To see the presence of preys. | Scales| Used for protection against predators and aid in swimming which have a hydrodynamic function. | Fins| The cartilaginous fins are used for the stabilization. | Snouts| Function as electro receptive organ, sensitive to electric charges of prey buried in the ground. | INTERNAL ORGANS ORGANS| FUNCTION| Liver| Act as the energy storage and to help keep the shark buoyant. | Oesophagus| Connects the mouth to the stomach. | Stomach| Food goes here after being consumed. Digestion takes place here. | Heart| To pump blood throughout the shark’s body. | Pancreas| Secrete the digestive enzyme. | Spleen| It acts as a salt gland, removing excess salt from the blood. | Ovary/ testes| Used in fertilization. | Intestine| Digestive tract just after the stomach. | Kidneys| Filter the excess water and excreted out the cloacae as urine. | Summary on the digestive and the reproductive system in sharks. The structures of the digestive tract are affected by many factors such as the type of food eaten, the level of activity and metabolism, and the size of the animal. The mouth and oral cavity of the shark has evolved according to the type of food the shark eats. Besides that, the shark tooth has evolved from a smooth round tooth to a sharp, serrated triangular tooth which is adapted to feeding on larger prey. Sharks have an expandable stomach to support this eating which is it can receive large quantities in one sitting. This large area for storage allows the shark’s metabolism to slow down, allowing it to not have to eat for long periods of time. This is important for any species that scours the open ocean, such as the oceanic white tip shark whose food is widely scattered and whose next meal is far from certain. Furthermore, in order to survive, a shark must eat 0. 6-3% of its body weight, each day. Indigestible things like very large bone and non-nutritive items, are vomited due to its valve (pyloric valve) can only enters liquid mush. All sharks have a relatively short gut, which is equipped internally with a special valve structure. The valve arrangement slows down the passage of food, allowing digestion to take place more effectively and nutrients to be absorbed more efficiently. In reproductive system in sharks, their eggs are fertilized inside the females body. The male shark has claspers, extensions of the pelvic fins that are used to transfer sperm to the female and fertilize her eggs. Most sharks give birth to live young, but some release eggs that hatch later. There are three types of sharks’ eggs development which are oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous. Oviparous are the sharks that deposit eggs in the ocean and will hatch later if they are not eaten by predators as the eggs are not guarded by their parents. Besides that, in viviparous sharks are give birth to live young which is the eggs hatch inside the females body and the babies are fed by a placenta which transfers nourishment from the mother to the babies. The sharks’ eggs that hatch and the babies develop inside the females body but there is no placenta to nourish the pups called ovoviviparous. The pups eat any unfertilized eggs and each other which is a form of sibling cannibalism. Stingray Caudal filament tail Cloaca Spiracle Barb Pelvic fin Gills Mouth Eye Snouts Liver Spleen Heart Kidneys Oesophagus Gill slits Brain Eggs Gall bladder Stomach Intestine Internal organs of stingrays (picture credited to hippocampus) DISCUSSION 1. Why are the spiracles important? Spiracles provide oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain through a separate blood vessel which is reduced or absent in active, fast-swimming sharks. 2. What does the Lateral Line do? The lateral line system is very important in monitoring depth via atmospheric pressure, allows better hunting abilities which increasing the awareness of the location and movement of prey for the predator and for preys, it helps to keep the animal aware of possible dangers and allows for schooling behaviour. 3. How is the shark’s digestive system different from human? The digestive system in sharks and human are different in many aspects. Firstly, during the digestion in mouth, most sharks swallowed their large quantity food into their large stomach while human must do some physical digestion by chewing them into smaller pieces. Besides that, in stomach, sharks use very strong stomach acid to break down the food that has been swallowed, while human use lower acidity to break down the food as human has started the break down process starts from the mouth. Last but not least, the digestive system occurs in the intestine where in the sharks, it is called spiral valve. Their intestines are short but have a larger surface area due to the infolding of the inner surface while we have long intestinal tract with villi which increasing the surface area to absorb nutrients. 4. What is the largest single part of the nervous system? The largest single part of the nervous system in sharks is the brain. 5. What does optic lobe receive information from? The optic lobe receives information from the optic nerve which is from eyes. 6. What does the medulla oblongata and cerebellum control? Medulla oblongata is a region of the brain that controls many of the sharks spinal reflexes and homeostatic responses. The cerebellum is in charge of body movement which controls the muscular coordination and position of the sharks. 7. What are the differences between skates and rays? Use illustration to help you. SKATES| ASPECTS| RAYS| Rajiformers| ORDER| Myliobatiformers| Most have enlarge thorns along the midline of the back extending onto the tail| THORNS| No thorns along the midline back| Have two lobes| PELVIC FIN| Each pelvic fin has only one lobe| Stocky without a stinging barb and usually with two small dorsal fins near its tip| TAIL| Very slender and whip-like with a stinging spine midway along its length and usually without a dorsal.

Sports Autobiography free essay sample

It was as if I had won the World Series. Next I would be touring the country, signing autographs, and riding on floats in city parades. Everywhere I’d go, locals would triumphantly hoist me atop their shoulders as I would wave to the adoring fans. I believed this all to be true. I was on top of the world, and a member of the red Aces, the winning team of the Ridgway, IL, tee-ball tournament. At five years of age, this was no small feat. It was the most significant event of my dear little life. I felt like a rock star, a five year old rock star. Even since with monumental moment, athletics have always played a large role in my life. It’s obvious that at a young age, I desperately believed that I was great at sports, whether I actually was or not. To me, I was the cat’s pajamas. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Autobiography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This sense of accomplishment is common at that age according to the Developmental Changes in Goal Orientation, which implies that effort equals excellence. Even before my tee-ball years, I remember playing sports with my family, baseball in the backyard, and basketball in the shed, depending on the weather. I had always been encouraged by my family, especially my mother who was a volleyball coach and had played several sports herself. She felt it was important for my sister and me to understand and participate in athletics. My mother would tell me stories of how my grandmother played basketball in the 30s in Tennessee. I was inspired by the women in my family and their experiences with sports. I wanted to be a part of something they were apart of and had thoroughly enjoyed. Oddly enough, it was my sister and I who excelled in sports, in comparison to both of my brothers. My family didn’t exactly fit the mold of the traditional gender stereotyping when raising sons and daughters. Parents give more encouragement to sons than daughters in sports. Girls reported lower physical competence in physical activity than boys,† (Brustad, 1996). I participated in sports at an early age because I had positive influences in my family, and because I enjoyed the challenge and the physical activity. By middle school, I began to excel in basketball. Playing for the Gallatin County Hawks girls’ basketball team, I was discovering my talents as a ball player. I played opposite Dana Pinkston, former Saluki women’s basketball guard. She was quick, agile, and very tough. She pushed me to be a better ball player. During this time in my life, I experienced both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, as described in the Self-Determination Theory. The Self-Determination Theory describes intrinsic motivation as challenge, skill improvement, and fun. Extrinsic motivation includes privileges, social status, recognition, and awards, (Deci Ryan, 1985). My intrinsic motivation included gaining more control of my dribbling, having more confidence on the court, and increasing my shooting accuracy. However, I was motivated as well by the attention I got from the coach and teammates when I performed well. I loved the feeling I got when people clapped for the team as we ran out onto the court. I especially wanted people to clap for me. Basketball was going very well for me at the time and I felt as if I had great potential in the future. During that particular basketball season, I spent several weekends traveling with my family to St. Louis for consultations with an orthopedic surgeon. It was discovered that I had severe scoliosis and might need surgery. I had gone to the doctor after an injury on my hip during the previous softball season and an x-ray on my hip had discovered my problem. Fortunately, it didn’t seem to affect my game, and wasn’t noticeable if you weren’t looking for it. In fears the scoliosis would progress, my parents thought it would be best to have a spinal fusion surgery. Halfway through the basketball season, I had spinal surgery at 13 years old. After the surgery, I was in bed for six weeks, and wasn’t able to exercise or do much of anything for six months. This was very hard, emotionally and physically for a previously very active 13 year old. I wasn’t allowed to participate in competitive sports for one year, but I was determined to play basketball again in high school. During my freshman year basketball season, I spent a couple of months practicing with the team as much as I physically could. It was apparent during the practices, that I had lost much of the stamina, strength, and mobility I once had. I had difficulty keeping up with my teammates, and it seemed my teammates would be frustrated with me for it. After a year following the surgery, I was allowed to compete in games. I wasn’t as good as the year before and I was very conscious of it. I very much wanted to regain what I had lost, and more. I wanted to be able to compete, exceptionally. My perceived competence was very low, but I had a high mastery goal orientation. According to the Achievement Goal Theory, goal orientation and perceived competence of one’s ability will determine their motivation. Goal orientation is not enough to determine motivation (Nichols, 1984, 1989). My motivation and goal orientation, determined that I had high motivation for excelling. I very much wanted to get back into the shape I had once been in. I didn’t play much at all during the rest of the season, and I had lost confidence in myself as an athlete. I felt so far behind and felt obligated to make up for lost times, so I made a goal that I would do anything to get the endurance and strength I once had. During my sophomore year, I began going to early morning practices, which were a volunteer exercise program, mainly for members of the boys’ basketball team. I and one other female attended these early morning practices and were the only two females at the workouts. The other female was a good friend of mine, and also an extremely competitive person. Since I was the only other female, it felt as if we were always in competition with each other. It seemed she always tried to beat me at all the drills. I soon let my goals become more ego oriented. I felt I was always trying to prove myself and my ability and began focusing more on being in competition with others, (Nichols, 1984, 1989). It was noticeable that my enjoyment of sports began to diminish. Not only was I participating in before and after school practices, I took up weight lifting class. I was gaining strength and becoming a better athlete, but was not enjoying sports like I had in the past. I began becoming ego oriented and obsessed with sports and being better. I was playing basketball, softball, and volleyball. In the beginning, I wanted to improve myself, but as the competition escaladed, I began working hard for to prove something to my teammates, coach, and for merit on college applications. My identifications changed, and for the wrong reasons. By my senior year of high school, halfway through basketball season, the burn out began to weigh heavily. A month left in the season, I got mononucleosis. All I wanted to do was play basketball, and again, a physical ailment prevented me from playing. It was probably a blessing in isguise. I think it was a sign that I needed to rest and re-evaluate sports. I began recovering as softball season began to roll around. The funny thing was I really didn’t feel like playing. Three years starting at third base, I just couldn’t do it anymore. I was completely burnt out. All I wanted to do was go home after school, eat dinner, take a nap, and watch wheel of fortune. That’s exactly wh at I did during the spring quarter of my senior year. Season after season of sports, I never allowed myself to rest, even after I had a serious surgery. It was rest that was well needed. I went to college and began participating in intramural basketball and softball. My goals and motivations were focused less on the ego and more on mastery. Maybe it was maturity, or the less competitive environment I was in, but I started to enjoy sports more than I had in high school. I seemed to care less about competing with my teammates or winning, and more about playing hard and having fun. I still had times when I let those ego beliefs take over, but then again, who doesn’t? Exercise and sport has always been a part of my life. Various experiences and challenges have shaped my motivation and approach to sports.